General Terminal Commands

Login via SSH

ssh root@88.191.361.182   # Login with root

Add User

adduser ubuntu            # Add new user 
adduser ubuntu sudo       # Add user to super users
exit                      # Logout
clear                     # Clear terminal screen
ssh user@88.191.361.182   # Login with new user

Software Management

sudo apt-get update           # Update package lists for Linux that uses APT
sudo apt-get install apache2  # Install apache2
sudo apt-get remove certbot   # Remove old pre-installed Certbot
sudo apt-get install python3-pip python3-dev nginx  # Install multiple packages

File Color

white: files
blue:  folders
cyan:  protected folder
red:   zip and backup files

File Listing

ls                            # List current directory
ls /var/www/html/smg/static   # List target directory
ll                            # List current directory in long format
ll /var/www/html/smg/static   # List target directory in long format

Directory Management

pwd               # Print working directory
mkdir smg/backup  # Make directory
cd ~              # Enter home
cd /              # Enter root (top-level)
cd ..             # Enter parent directory
cd /var/www/html/ # Enter html directory

Edit with Nano

sudo nano /smg/project/settings.py  # Edit target file

Delete/Remove

rm wsgi.py          # Remove file
rm -r images/       # Remove folder and its files (recursively)
rm -rf foldername/* # Remove files inside folder except hidden files (recursively forcefully) 

Copy

cp index.html /smg/templates/         # Copy file to target directory
cp -Rfv /root/.ssh /home/ubuntu/      # Copy file to target directory (recursively)
cp fox.txt fox-backup.txt             # Duplicate file
sudo cp 000-default.conf django.conf  # Sudo copy/duplicate a file

Secure Copy

# Copy securely file(s) from local machineto remote home directory
C:\> scp /Users/Me/Desktop/files.zip  ubuntu@261.71.367.99:~

Move & Rename

mv ~/db.sqlite3 /var/www/html/smg/  # Move
mv *.txt  docs/                     # Move all text files to docs/ folder
mv settings.py _settings.py         # Rename file
mv files/ media/                    # Rename folder

Change File Ownership

chown -Rfv ubuntu:ubuntu /home/ubuntu/.ssh  # Root user gives to user:group ownership of .ssh (recursively)
sudo chown www-data:www-data smg/           # Superuser gives to server ownership of smg/ directory
sudo chown -Rfv www-data:www-data smg/      # Superuser gives to server ownership of smg/ and all its files (recursively)
sudo chown www-data:www-data db.sqlite3     # Superuser gives to server ownership of the database file
sudo chown ubuntu:ubuntu ../                # Superuser gives to user `ubuntu` ownership of the parent directory

Compression

zip image.zip image.png           # Zip a file
zip squash.zip file1 file2 file3  # Zip multiple files 
zip -r squash.zip dir1            # Zip a directory (recursively)
unzip image.zip                   # Unzip a file 
unzip squash.zip -d /home/ubuntu/ # Unzip file into a target folder (testing if its directory)

Third-Party-Specific Commands

Apache Commands

sudo apt-get install apache2                        # Install apache2
sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-wsgi-py3        # Allow Apache to serve Python 3 apps via WSGI interface
sudo a2enmod rewrite                                # Enable the modification of Apache
sudo nano /etc/apache2/apache2.conf                 # Configure apache2
sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/django.conf  # Edit a Django site's apache2 config file
sudo a2ensite django.conf                           # Enable the django.conf site
sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf                     # Disable the 000-default.conf site
sudo nano /var/log/apache2/error.log                # View apache2 error log
sudo bash -c 'echo > /var/log/apache2/error.log'    # Empty error log
sudo service apache2 restart                        # Restart apache2

Firewall Commands

sudo apt-get install ufw        # Install firewall
sudo ufw allow 'Apache Full'    # Allow Apache full access (e.g. HTTP and HTTPS)
sudo ufw allow ssh              # Allow SSH
sudo ufw default allow outgoing # Default outgoing policy allowed
sudo ufw default deny incoming  # Default incoming policy denied
sudo ufw enable                 # Enable firewall
sudo ufw status                 # Check firewall status

Git Access

ssh-keygen -t rsa                       # Create an SSH key – just follow the prompts
sudo cp -Rfv /home/ubuntu/.ssh /root/   # Copy the SSH keys from `ubuntu` user to `root` 
cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub                   # Output the public key, copy its code and paste it in GitHub

Virtual Environment

sudo apt-get install python3.10-venv  # Version number depends on your Python version
cd myproj/                            # Enter project folder
python3 -m venv venv                  # Create a virtual environment
source venv/bin/activate              # Activate virtual environment
pip install django==4.2.8             # Install framework(s)
pip install -r requirements.txt       # Install project dependencies
pip install gunicorn psycopg2-binary  # Install multiple packages
pip freeze > requirements.txt         # Write all installed packages into a `requirements.txt` file
deactivate                            # Deactivate virtual environment

Certbot SSL Certificate

sudo apt-get remove certbot                             # Remove old pre-installed Certbot
sudo snap install --classic certbot                     # Install Certbot
sudo ln -s /snap/bin/cerbot /usr/bin/certbot            # Prepare the Certbot command by creating a symbolic link
sudo certbot --apache -d domain.com -d www.domain.com   # Add Certbot certificates to your domains
sudo certbot renew --dry-run                            # Test automatic renewal of certificates